Environmental Electron Microscopy: Electron Beam Effects in Electrochemistry
نویسنده
چکیده
Liquid containing environmental cell based TEM has, in recent years, become a powerful tool for studying dynamic systems at nanometer length scales.[1-7] Such cells typically confine several hundred nanometers of liquid between two electron transparent windows. These cells can be integrated with electrodes for electrochemical testing, and have been implemented to study processes including electro-deposition, electrolysis, and electrochemical batteries.[2-6] When performing in-situ electrochemical studies, particular caution is required to avoid spurious effects introduced by the electron beam. The electron beam is known to produce free radicals, induce reactions, generate bubbles, and affect the local potential.[3,8] Fortunately, many artifacts can be suppressed by reducing the electron beam flux and dose below certain threshold values.[8] To mitigate electron beam effects, in-situ studies are often performed under low does conditions. A common method for validating the approach is to demonstrate that the system does not respond to the electron beam alone at doses and fluxes larger than those used for the experiment. However, such approaches can not negate the possibility of synergistic effects that may arise due to electrochemically imposed potential and concentration gradients.
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